The seed has a mauve-colored skin and light green flesh, with a distinctive flavor. The fruit has a hard, cream-colored exterior shell. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a culinary nut, not a botanical nut. The fruit is a drupe, containing an elongated seed, which is the edible portion. Torbat-e Heydarieh, Razavi Khorasan, Iran pistachio production, with a value of $722 million. In 2021, Fresno County, California accounted for about 40% of U.S. Worldwide demand exceeds production, so both countries have the ability to sell their production to various export markets. and Iran control 70% of the world export market, with the U.S. producers, using highly efficient mechanized production techniques. īy 2020, there were 150,000 pistachio farmers in Iran, approximately 70% of whom were small-scale producers using inefficient manual picking and processing techniques. At that time, pistachios were Iran's #2 export product, after the oil and gas sector. Drought and unusually cold weather in Iran led to severe declines in production there, while U.S. pistachio production rivaled that of Iran. The Shah was forced into exile in January, 1979 during the Iranian Revolution, resulting in an end to trade between the United States and Iran, providing additional incentives for American farmers to plant dramatically more pistachio trees. The first commercial pistachio harvest in California took place in 1976. This resulted in a decline of pistachio exports from Iran, resulting in increased prices in other countries and additional incentives to plant pistachio trees in California. In 1972, the Shah of Iran began a school breakfast program that included packets of pistachios. That encouraged California farmers to plant pistachio trees, because they were still eligible for such tax breaks. In 19, changes to the tax code in the United States eliminated tax shelters for almonds and citrus fruits. Swingle's pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at Niles, California, by 1917. In 19, David Fairchild of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced hardier cultivars to California collected from China, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929. In the 19th century, the pistachio was cultivated commercially in parts of the English-speaking world, such as Australia and in the US in New Mexico and California, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Marduk-apla-iddina II about 700 BCE. Īrchaeologists have found evidence from excavations at Jarmo in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio. Īn article on pistachio tree cultivation was brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture. The early sixth-century manuscript De observatione ciborum ( On the Observance of Foods) by Anthimus implies that pistacia remained well known in Europe in late antiquity. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History that pistacia, "well known among us", was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the seed was introduced into Italy by the Roman proconsul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder (in office in 35 AD) and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius. It appears in Dioscorides' writings as pistákia (πιστάκια), recognizable as P. Theophrastus described it as a terebinth-like tree with almond-like nuts from Bactria. They are cultivated across Southern Europe and North Africa. Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the first century AD by the Romans. The earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age Central Asia and comes from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan. Archaeology shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BCE. The pistachio tree is native to regions of Central Asia, including present-day Iran and Afghanistan. Pistachio is from late Middle English pistace, from Old French, superseded in the 16th century by forms from Italian pistacchio, via Latin from Greek πιστάκιον pistákion, and from Middle Persian pistakē. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food. The pistachio ( / p ɪ ˈ s t ɑː ʃ i oʊ, - ˈ s t æ ʃ-/ pist- A(H)SH-ee-oh Pistacia vera), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from an area that includes Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Iran.
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